Electric regulator utilizing short time constant derivative transformers



July 15, 1952 D. J. SIKORRA ELECTRIC REGULATOR UTILIZING SHORT TIME CONSTANT DERIVATIVE TRANSFORMERS Filed March 3, 1951 b VOL 71'465 RESPONS/VE Patented July 15, 1952 ELECTRIC REGULATOR UTILIZING SHORT TIME CONSTANT DERIVATIVE TRANS- FORMERS' Daniel J. Sikorra, Milwaukee, Wis assignor to Allis-Chalmers Manufacturing Company, Milwaukee, Wis.

Application March 3, 1951, Serial No. 213,697

regulating systems and in particular to means for el minating the effects of time delays in the R'SBORSB of such regulating systems.

'In regulating systems employing a plurality of cascaded rotating amplifiers, a considerable time elapses between a change in the input signal to the first machine in the series and the resulting desired change in the output of the last machine in the series, owing to the inductive nature of the field windings of the machines. This time delay is a disadvantage where it is desired to have the output of the cascaded machines respond quickly to changes in the input to the first machine, as in voltage regulating systems and the like.

In some of such regulators, a considerable amount of resistance isinserted in series with each of the field windings to reduce the time constants oi the field winding circuits and thereby reduce the time delay introduced into theregulator by the field windings. However, owing to the large amount of resistance required to reduce the time constant of a field winding circuit having a considerable amount of inductance, such systems greatly reduce the steady state gain of the system and require additional machines to secure the desiredsignal amplification.

The above disadvantages may be overcome by providing anticipating means which requires only a small amount of power for itsoperation and which assists the input signalduring changes thereof to efiectively eliminate the" effect of inductive time delays in a regulating system.

fit is therefore an object of this invention to provide an improved electric regulating system having means for reducing the response time of the regulating system.

It is an additional object of this invention to provide an improved electric'regulating system having anticipating means which requires a small amountof power for its operation. I

It is a further object of the present invention tolprovide anticipating means for an .electric regulating system which increases the transient gain of the system without excessive reduction of steady'state gain'of the system.

Objects and advantages other than those set forth-above 'will be apparent from the following description when read in connection with the accompanying drawing, in which: I

Fig. 1 diagrammatically illustrates the circuits and apparatus of one embodiment of the invention;

Fig. 2 is a vector diagram illustrating the operation of the embodiment of Fig. 1;

' Fig. 3' diagrammatically illustrates an alternate embodiment of the invention, and

' Fig.- 4 is a vector diagram illustrating the operation of the embodiment of Fig. 3.

4'Claims. (01. 322 19) Referring to Fig. 1, one embodiment of the invention is illustrated in connection with the control of a dynamoelectric machine 5 having an armature 5a supplying a load circuit represented by conductors 6. Machine 5 is provided with a field winding 5b supplied with variable excita tion from the armature iii of an exciter generator I. 'The field winding 12) of exciter I is supplied with excitation current from the armature 8a of an amplifying exciter 8 in series with resister. 9. Field winding 8b of exciter 8 receives excitation current from the armature IIa of. an additional amplifying exciter I I. The resistance of armature 8a is preferably greater than the resistance of field winding Ib. If the armature 8a has insufiicient resistance, the deficiency may 'be supplied by connecting the armature in series put terminals I3 of any suitable known condition responsive device or network shown in the drawing as a block I4, having input terminals I5 connected to conductors 6.

. If the regulating system is regulating the voltage of conductors 6, device I 4 has impressed thereon .through terminals I5 three voltages which are measures of the voltages of the conductors I5, and device I4 operates to produce at its output terminals I3 a unidirectional vol tage of either polarity responsive to deviations in the average value of the voltages impressed on terminals I5 from a predtermined value. This unidirectional voltage is impressed on field winding I Ib and a resistor III and successively amplified by exciters II, 8, I to impress on field winding 5b a voltage tending to return the voltage of conductors 6 to the desired value. Although two amplifying exciters have been illustrated in Fig. 1, it will be apparent that the number of such exciters used will depend upon the amount of power amplification of the input signal desired.

In the absence of suitable anticipating compensation, a considerable time elapses between a change in the'voltage of output terminals I3 and the desired change in the current of field winding 5b, owing to the inductive nature of field windings I lb, 8b, Ib, 5b. To decrease this elapsed time, this invention provides at least one impulse network which provides an anticipating signal tending to eliminate the delay in the regulator, thereby decreasing the time of response of the regulator and increasing the system stability.,

, Asshownin Fig. 1, the regulator is provided with derivative transformers I8, I9 having primary leadsthevoltage G hysubstantiallyinine windings 13a, [9a,. respectively, and secondary windings [812, -'l 9b; respectivelyQ- Winding i8a is connected across field winding 81) of'exciter 8 and winding 19a is connected across field winding 1b of exciter I. Secondary windings lilo, I91"; are connected across or in series "thfi l d 7 llb.

Each of the circuits of the primary windings I8a, I9a has a negligible time cgnstant; ;that is, the ratio of the inductancefqf the winding to the respective primary circuit resistance is so low that the current therein and the Voltage impressed across the primary circuit are "'substantially in phase with each other. If a sinusoidal voltage component is impressed from armature Ila through resistor l2 'on the primary circuit of transformer 18 for example, the"vol'tag e across rent through the pr'mary "circuit of transformer "18 by substantially ninety degrees fandis' proportional in" magnitude to 'the ang'ular'velocity or impressed voltage component; If the resistances vention in the 'part'of the system comprising winding llb,'a'rmaturel la, resistor l2, field"winding Sb'and transformer"i8.' Vector AB qf'r'ig.

Z'freprese'nts the signal volta ge compohentiad pearing across output terminals l3 or device -"l 4 'in' response to a variation in the voltage of conductorsj'fi from the predetermined "desired value.

Itis assumed thatlthis signalvmtage'co ponent 1s er sinusoidal wave-shape "so that avector 's'entation of theoperation' of the regulator rna'y Foe-"utilized, although the operation of "the invention is not dependent upon "any particular wave shape appearing across terminals l3. Vec- "tor AC represents the cur rent componerit flowin'g throughresistor mane field winding H'b as a result of voltage AB; and this current lagsjthe voltage AB by a predetermined an'gl'edeteiinined "reduce the time constant of "the circuit to a impressed signal.

the response of the/ regulator is to be as fast as possible, the amplified'corrective voltage component of armaturet'a must bes'ubstantial' ly in time phase'with the signal current and voltage input from device I 4. Vector AD' repre se'nts"'this desired voltage "of armature" Ba'firj time phase with the s'ignal currentAp dyer a considerable range of angular veloci ties of signal input. ssuming that the tim e""constz'ajnt of the circuit co'l'np'risirig armature 1 i lctf resi'stor l2 and field Winding 8b 'is" one" and"that the an ular velocityof the signal veltage" impressed on winding lib is one radian per second, the voltage induced in armature lfidfjl eadsthe cur rent through field winding 81) and nae-mirag induced in armature ca by 'forty five egree andmay 'be represented by vector vector 'AF is composed of" the "ohmic "mirage? dropAG in armature He and resistor l2 andthe voltage GF'aeross field winding :85. 'The voltag QB:

' secondary windingflfib.

grees owing to the relatively, small internal retance"'of field windinj'g fflb. The vectors described thus far show that to cause the voltage AD across armature 8a to be j substantially intirne phase with the signal in- ;put" ent nCfithe current through field wind- -'ing I ll) mustfj e a vector position along vector AF. Therefore,a' second current component must jc e @QQQQIOQQDQ, signal current component AC to producetheidesired field current in winding I lb. This current component is supplied by derivative .t ransfo1;mer 1 .8 which has its primary winding 'l8ttf'connected across field winding 8b. As mentionefd above, the voltage across secondary winding IBb leads the voltage GF across and the current through the primary circuit of ,transigrmer [8 by substantially 'ninetyide fees causing the jyoltage acrossi'secondary' winding [Bhutto have aposition and magnitude represented by vector AH,. leading vector {by V substantially ninety .qq n I v H Owing to the inductance of field winding ill), th s f ld curren f 'or one n e o dary winding l iibflwill lag thlvolt'age of seconder' i n "311 b subs a t a l ne'wjci the voltagGFa j y field winding pages he represented by vector CI. The current CI is added vectorially 't'dthe signal'current ,to produce the current AI equal to the desired total current through field winding Hfb. ,will fb'e seen that the resultant 'current infield windi i I 1? is in hase w v a s A .ih retr vpinc 3; t e eq e fisld'cu f te t in I i Cau 1th? YO a c" A o arma ur ,89 to be substan ial. .1' ph se 'with the s gna in ut F i irnfi h cre tion he Par of he system com: pr s n arm tur .fia're to and .fi fl W nd,- ns Tb ma bf .iffliififidfied by .afv ector diagram sim l r '36 43 e- S ch I dia am w ld she that the'derivativef i 'gnal currentirom second} ary winding [912" or 'der' t've transiorrner i9 compensates rar the tirn delay introduced by fieldwinding mm manner identical t the 'd rafi on' o ,transrorme iw with respe t to field'winding so, so th thdne't delay through thetwobircuits is fs'u ntially hero. 'Ihus, the nt i u h fi l' ine?! an the rel es? ac s 'W T 9 .e'i ieniiel Pha with t gnal input current from device I5.

R sist rs 2B2 jlimay a J 'plitude of the currents new; in riniaryw'ind: ings [8a, [9a, respectivelyjt'o'p me the desired an i i t n QQmPQ j S QI "*"AEHOQEH th'r i l f gram 9 Bis mus: trat'e's'the'circuitconditions for one particular angular velocity "of the impressed signal, it will be apparent that the system is operative to pro: videanticipating compensation for a wide range or .i a l t a f he mmie sed i al E9; example," if theangular velocity" of the input signal is doubled'w'ith respect to its valuefor the vec or a ram o ma 2, he eq red ndu e t vev ee bss e d w nd n 81 is doubled maintain e sam c rre t throu h this field wfm n 1 a d' hs w ee? 41? across rmatu 3 s m 11 's of h v rc te efa r s field winding "85 in combination with the doubled an ula oci y quadruplgs the v t ge across di-Y he am? This quadrupled voltage across winding lab; is impressed aer reading lib whose reactance has doubled with'respec t toits value fo the vector diagram ofEig. therefore ca isin creased voltage required to maintain voltage AD in phase with the signal current AC. Thus,- it can be demonstrated that thisinvention is operative to provide proper anticipating compensation for input signals having a considerable range of angular velocity. This invention therefore 'improves the transient response of'the regulating system by eliminating the efiects of the inductive time delays therein. H Fig. 3 illustrates an embodiment of the invention which provides more accurate anticipating compensation than the embodiment of Fig. 1, especially when the internal resistances of the field windings arerelativelyhigh. The connections and apparatus of Fig. 3 aresimilar to those of Fig. 1, except that voltage dividers 22, 23 are connected across armaturestqr, Ha, respectively. Primary winding lilo. of derivative transformer l9 has one terminal connected between field winding lb and resistor '9 and has the other terminalconnected to the adjustable tapof voltage divider 22. Primary winding I817; similarly has one'terminal connected between resistor l2 and field winding 81)- and has its other terminal connected to the adjustable tap of voltage divider 23. The purpose of voltage divider 23 is to impress across primary winding 18a of derivative transformer 18 a voltage which is substantially in phase with the pure inductive voltage com: ponent across'fie'ld winding 8b, which leads the current through the field winding 8b-by-"ninety degrees,

As mentioned above, owing to the internal resistance of field winding 81), the voltage GF across field winding 81) does not lead the voltage AG across resistor i2 by exactly ninety degrees. As shown in Fig.- 4, the voltage GF across winding 8b is composed of the vector GK representing the voltage component due to the internal resistance of winding 8b and the vector KF representing the pure inductive voltage component across winding 81). Vector AF represents the voltage across armature I la and across the outer terminals of voltage divider 23. Point L on vector AF represents the adjustable tap of divider 23, and it will be seen that by suitable adjustment of the position of this adjustable tap, the voltage GL impressed across primary winding IBa will be proportional to and substantially in time phase with the pure inductive voltage component KF across field winding 81). The voltage A across secondary winding 18b leads the voltage GL by substantially ninety degrees, while the current CM supplied from secondary winding IBb to field winding l lb is substantially in phase with voltage GL and leads current AG by substantially ninety degrees. Current CM is added vectorially with current AC to produce the required field current AM in field winding llb. The operation of voltage divider 22 to impress on primary winding l9a a voltage proportional to and substantially in phase with the pure inductive voltage component across field winding !b, so that the time delay of field winding lb is effectively eliminated, is similar to that described above for divider 23.

The accuracy of the anticipating compensation increases as the current supplied by secondary winding 18b to field winding Ila approaches a ninety degree leading relation with respect to the signal current AC. Therefore, the circuit of Fig. 3 provides improved means for supplying an anticipating current component to field winding I la which leads the signal input current to winding Ila by substantially ninetydegrees, thereby providing the maximum efiectiveness for anticipating compensation. Although but two embodiments have been illustrated and described, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various changes and modifications may be made therein without departing from the spirit of the 'inventionror from the scope of the appended claims.

It is claimed and desired to secure byLetters Patent:

1. In an electric'regulating system, the combination of a first electric generator having field winding means and a first armature, a second electric generator having a second field winding and a second armature, first resistance means connected in series with said first armature and said second 'field winding, condition responsive means connected to said field winding means for impressing on said field'winding means an electric signal which is ame'asure' of the condition being regulated by said system, inductive control means for controlling said condition being regulated, secondresistance' means connecte'd-in series with said second armature and said control means, a first derivative transformer having a first primary winding and a first secondary winding, a second derivative transformer having a second primary winding and a seeond secondary winding, means connecting said first primary winding across said second field wind ing,' the primary circuit of said first transformer having a negligible time constant to "produce across said first secondary winding a first" voltage proportional to the rate of change of .the voltage of said second field winding, second ineans. connecting said second primary winding across said control means, the primary circuit of said second transformer having a negligible time constant to produce across said second secondary winding a second voltage proportional to the rate of change of the voltage of said control means, and means connecting said secondary windings in circuit with said field winding means to supply to said field winding means currents proportional to the magnitudes of said first and second voltages, whereby the current in said control means is substantially in phase with said electric signal.

2. In an electric regulating system, the combination of an electric generator having an armature and field winding means, condition responsive means connected to said field winding means for impressing thereon an electric signal which is a measure of the condition being regulated by said system, inductive control means supplied with current by said armature for controlling said regulated condition, resistance means connected in series with said armature and said inductive control means, a derivative transformer having a primary winding and. a secondary winding, means connecting said primary winding across said inductive control means, the primary circuit of said transformer having a negligible time constant for producing across said secondary winding an anticipating voltage proportional to the rate of change of the voltage across said control means, and means connecting said secondary winding across said '5' fie wind ng means to. supply to said .fi ldwin in m ans a current pr port onal-to he gnitude oi ai nticipat ng voltage, where y s curren n said control means i substantial y in chase with said ele tric signal- :3- n a electricrcg ting vsystem, the c mb nation of an electric generator havingan ab mature and field winding means, condition ;re.- sponsive means connected to said field Windin means for impressing thereon an electric signal which is a measure of the condition being regulated by said system, first resistance means connected in series with said condition responsive means and said field winding means to form a first circuit having a negligible time constant,

inductive control means supplied with current by said armature for controlling said regulated condition, second resistance means connected in series with said armature and said inductive control means, a derivative transformer having a primary winding and a secondary winding, means co n ct n said prim ry Winding acr s said inductive control means, the prima y ire it of said transformer having a negligible time constant for producing across said secondary Winding an anticipating voltage proportional to the rate of change of the voltage across said control means, and means connecting said secondary winding across said field winding means to supply to said field winding means a current proportional to the magnitude of said anticipating voltage, whereby said current in said control means is substantially in phase with said electr signa 7 i, In a regulating system, the combination of a first electric generator having a first armature and field winding means, condition responsive means connected to said field winding meansto impress thereon an electric signal which is a measure of the, condition being regulated by said system, a second electric enerator having a sec n armatur and a fi ld windin first resistance means connected in series with said first armature and said field winding, inductive control means for controlling said condition, second resistance means connecting said second armature in series with said control means to supply current thereto, a first voltage divider having an adjustable tap and connected across said first armature, a first derivative transformer having a first primary winding and a first secondary winding, means connecting one terminal of said first primary winding to said adjustable tap and the other terminal of said first primary winding between said control means and said second resistance means, the primary circuit of said first transformer having a negligible time constant to produce across said secondary winding a first anticipating voltage proportional to the rate of change of the inductive voltage of said control means, a second voltage divider having a second adjustable tap and connected across said first armature, a second derivative transformer having a secondary primary winding and a second secondary winding, second means connecting one terminal of said second primary winding to said second adjustable tap and the other terminal of said second primary winding between said field winding and said first resistance means, the primary circuit of said second transformer having a negligible time constant to produce across said second secondary winding a second anticipating voltage proportional to the rate of change of the inductive voltage across said field winding, and means connecting said first and said second secondary windings in parallel with each other across said field winding means to supply currents to said field winding means proportional to the magnitudes of said first and said second anticipating voltages. whereby said current in said control means is substantially in phase with said electric signal.

DANIEL J. SIKORRA.

No. references cited. 

